91.3 RESPONSIBILITY AND AUTHORITY OF THE PILOT IN COMMANDIn emergencies, a pilot may deviate from Federal Aviation Regulations to the extent needed to maintain the safety of the airplane and passengers.The pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft.A written report of any deviations from Federal Aviation Regulations should be filed with the FAA upon request.91.7 CIVIL AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESSThe pilot in command is responsible for determining that the airplane is airworthy prior to every flight.The pilot in command shall discontinue the flight when unairworthy conditions (whether electrical, mechanical, or structural) occur.91.9 CIVIL AIRCRAFT FLIGHT MANUAL, MARKING, AND PLACARD REQUIREMENTSThe airworthiness certificate, the FAA registration certificate, and the aircraft flight manual or operating limitations must be aboard.The acronym ARROW can be used as a memory aid. The FCC (Federal Communications Commission), not the FAA, requires the radio station license. As of January 1, 1997, the radio station license is required only for international flights.A irworthiness certificateR egistration certificateR adio station license (FCC requirement for international flight)O perating limitations, includingW eight and balance dataThe operating limitations of an airplane may be found in the current FAA-approved flight manual, approved manual material, markings, and placards, or any combination thereof.An exception exists in the case of aircraft issued an experimental airworthiness certificate or a special light-sport airworthiness certificate.The operating limitations for these aircraft are attached to the airworthiness certificate, which is carried on board the aircraft.91.15 DROPPING OBJECTSNo pilot in command of a civil aircraft may allow any object to be dropped from that aircraft in flight that creates a hazard to persons or property.However, this section does not prohibit the dropping of any object if reasonable precautions are taken to avoid injury or damage to persons or property.91.17 ALCOHOL OR DRUGSNo person may act as a crewmember of a civil airplane while having .04 percent by weight or more alcohol in the blood or if any alcoholic beverages have been consumed within the preceding 8 hours.No person may act as a crewmember of a civil airplane if using any drug that affects the person’s faculties in any way contrary to safety.Operating or attempting to operate an aircraft as a crewmember while under the influence of drugs or alcohol is grounds for the denial of an application for a certificate, rating, or authorization issued under 14 CFR Part 91.A pilot may not allow a person who is obviously under the influence of alcohol or drugs to be carried aboard an aircraft except in an emergency or if the person is a medical patient under proper care.91.103 PREFLIGHT ACTIONPilots are required to familiarize themselves with all available information concerning the flight prior to every flight, and specifically to determine,For any flight, runway lengths at airports of intended use and the airplane’s takeoff and landing requirements, andFor IFR flights or those not in the vicinity of an airport,Weather reports and forecasts,Fuel requirements,Alternatives available if the planned flight cannot be completed, andAny known traffic delays.91.105 FLIGHT CREWMEMBERS AT STATIONSDuring takeoff and landing, and while en route, each required flight crewmember shall keep his or her safety belt fastened while at his or her station.If shoulder harnesses are available, they must be used for takeoff and landing.91.107 USE OF SAFETY BELTS, SHOULDER HARNESSES, AND CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMSPilots must ensure that each occupant is briefed on how to use the safety belts and, if installed, shoulder harnesses.Pilots must notify all occupants to fasten their safety belts and shoulder harnesses, if installed, before taxiing, taking off, or landing.All passengers of airplanes must wear their safety belt and shoulder harness, if installed, during taxi, takeoffs, and landings.A passenger who has not reached his or her second birthday may be held by an adult.Sport parachutists may use the floor of the aircraft as a seat (but still must use safety belts).91.111 OPERATING NEAR OTHER AIRCRAFTNo person may operate an aircraft in formation flight except by prior arrangement with the pilot in command of each aircraft in the formation.91.113 RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES: EXCEPT WATER OPERATIONSAircraft in distress have the right-of-way over all other aircraft.When two aircraft are approaching head on or nearly so, the pilot of each aircraft should turn to his or her right, regardless of category.When two aircraft of different categories are converging, the right-of-way depends upon who has the least maneuverability. Thus, the right-of-way belongs toBalloons overGliders overAirships overAirplanes or rotorcraftWhen aircraft of the same category are converging at approximately the same altitude, except head on or nearly so, the aircraft to the other’s right has the right-of-way.If an airplane of the same category as yours is approaching from your right side, it has the right-of-way.When two or more aircraft are approaching an airport for the purpose of landing, the aircraft at the lower altitude has the right-of-way.This rule shall not be abused by cutting in front of or overtaking another aircraft.An aircraft towing or refueling another aircraft has the right-of-way over all engine-driven aircraft.91.115 RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES: WATER OPERATIONSWhen aircraft, or an aircraft and a vessel, are on crossing courses, the aircraft or vessel to the other’s right has the right-of-way.91.117 AIRCRAFT SPEEDThe speed limit is 250 kt. (288 MPH) when flying below 10,000 ft. MSL.The speed limit within Class B airspace is 250 kt. (288 MPH).When flying under Class B airspace or in VFR corridors through Class B airspace, the speed limit is 200 kt. (230 MPH).When at or below 2,500 ft. AGL and within 4 NM of the primary airport of Class C or Class D airspace, the speed limit is 200 kt. (230 MPH).91.119 MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDES: GENERALOver congested areas (cities, towns, settlements, or open-air assemblies), a pilot must maintain an altitude of 1,000 ft. above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000 ft. of the airplane.The minimum altitude over other than congested areas is 500 ft. AGL.Over open water or sparsely populated areas, an airplane may not be operated closer than 500 ft. to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure.Altitude in all areas must be sufficient to permit an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface if a power unit fails.91.121 ALTIMETER SETTINGSPrior to takeoff, the altimeter should be set to the current local altimeter setting. If the current local altimeter setting is not available, use the departure airport elevation.The altimeter of an airplane is required to be set to 29.92 at or above 18,000 ft. MSL to guarantee vertical separation of airplanes above 18,000 ft. MSL.91.123 COMPLIANCE WITH ATC CLEARANCES AND INSTRUCTIONSWhen an ATC clearance is obtained, no pilot may deviate from that clearance, except in an emergency, unless an amended clearance is obtained or the deviation is in response to a traffic alert and collision avoidance system resolution advisory. If you feel a rule deviation will occur, you should immediately advise ATC.If you receive priority from ATC in an emergency, you must, upon request, file a detailed report within 48 hr. to the chief of that ATC facility even if no rule has been violated.During an in-flight emergency, the pilot in command may deviate from Federal Aviation Regulations to the extent necessary to handle the emergency.The pilot should notify ATC about the deviation as soon as possible.If priority is given, a written report (if requested) must be submitted in 48 hours.91.130 OPERATIONS IN CLASS C AIRSPACEClass C airspace is controlled airspace that requires radio communication with ATC.A pilot must establish two-way radio communication prior to entering Class C airspace and maintain it while within Class C airspace, regardless of weather conditions.91.131 OPERATIONS IN CLASS B AIRSPACEClass B airspace is controlled airspace found at larger airports with high volumes of traffic.Requirements for operating within Class B airspace:A pilot must hold at least a private pilot certificate or a student pilot certificate with the appropriate logbook endorsements.A specific clearance must be received from ATC before entering Class B airspace, regardless of weather conditions.The airplane must have a two-way communications radio and a transponder equipped with Mode C that permits ATC to obtain an altitude readout on its radar screen.A VOR receiver is required only when operating IFR.Student pilot operations in Class B airspace are only permitted with appropriate logbook endorsements.For flight through Class B airspace, the student pilot mustReceive ground and flight instructions pertaining to that specific Class B airspace areaHave a CFI logbook endorsement within 90 days for solo flight in that specific Class B airspace areaFor takeoffs and landings at an airport within Class B airspace, the student pilot mustReceive ground and flight instructions pertaining to that specific Class B airspace areaHave a CFI logbook endorsement within 90 days for solo flight at that specific airportNo student pilot may take off or land at the following airports:Andrews AFB Miami InternationalAtlanta Hartsfield Newark InternationalBoston Logan New York KennedyChicago O’Hare International New York La GuardiaDallas/Fort Worth International San Francisco InternationalLos Angeles International Washington NationalWith certain exceptions, all aircraft within a 30-NM radius of a Class B primary airport and from the surface up to 10,000 ft. MSL must have an operable transponder with Mode C.91.133 RESTRICTED AND PROHIBITED AREASRestricted areas are a type of special use airspace within which your right to fly is limited.Restricted areas have unusual and often invisible hazards to aircraft (e.g., balloons, military operations, etc.).Although restricted areas are not always in use during the times posted in the legend of sectional charts, permission to fly in that airspace must be obtained from the controlling agency. The controlling agency is listed for each restricted area at the bottom of sectional charts.91.135 OPERATIONS IN CLASS A AIRSPACE1. Since Class A airspace requires operation under IFR at specific flight levels assigned by ATC, VFR flights are prohibited.91.151 FUEL REQUIREMENTS FOR FLIGHT IN VFR CONDITIONS1. During the day, Federal Aviation Regulations require fuel sufficient to fly to the first point of intended landing and then for an additional 30 min., assuming normal cruise speed.At night, sufficient fuel to fly an additional 45 min. is required.